Illinois

State of Illinois

Flag of Illinois Seal of Illinois Nickname(s): Land of Lincoln, The Prairie State Motto(s): State sovereignty, national union
Official language(s)	English
Capital	Springfield
Largest city	Chicago
Area	Ranked 25th
- Total	57,918 sq mi (149,998 km²)
- Width	210 miles (340 km)
- Length	390 miles (629 km)
- % water	4.0
- Latitude	36°58'N to 42°30'N
- Longitude	87°30'W to 91°30'W
Population	Ranked 5th
- Total (2000)	12,419,293
- Density	223.4/sq mi  86.27/km² (11th)
- Median income	$45,787 (18th)
Elevation
- Highest point	Charles Mound 1,235 ft  (377 m)
- Mean	600 ft  (182 m)
- Lowest point	Mississippi River 279 ft  (85 m)
Admission to Union	December 3, 1818 (21st)
Governor	Rod Blagojevich (D)
U.S. Senators	Richard Durbin (D) Barack Obama (D)
Time zone	Central: UTC-6/-5
Abbreviations	IL US-IL
Web site	www.illinois.gov

Illinois (IPA ) is a state of the United States of America and the 21st state admitted to the Union. Illinois is the most populous state in the Midwest and the fifth most populous in the nation, and has a large and diverse population. Its balance of vast suburbs and the great metropolis of Chicago in the northeast, rural areas, small industrial cities, and renowned agricultural productivity in central and western Illinois, and the natural beauty and mineral resources of the south give it a highly diverse economic base. Its central location, connecting the Great Lakes to the Mississippi River via the Illinois River, has made it a transportation hub for 150 years. It is this mixture of factory and farm, of urban and rural, that makes Illinois a microcosm of the United States.

About 2,000 Native American hunters and a small number of French villagers inhabited the area at the time of the American Revolution. American settlers began arriving from Kentucky in the 1810s; they achieved statehood in 1818. Yankees arrived a little later and dominated the north, founding the future metropolis of Chicago in the 1830s. The coming of the railroads in the 1850s made highly profitable the rich prairie farmlands in central Illinois, attracting large numbers of immigrant farmers from Germany and Sweden. Northern Illinois provided major support for Illinoisans Abraham Lincoln and Ulysses S. Grant during the American Civil War. By 1900, factories were being rapidly built in the northern cities, along with coal mines in central and southern areas. This industrialization attracted large numbers of immigrants from Eastern and Southern Europe, and also led to the state's material contribution as a major arsenal in both world wars. In addition to immigrants from other countries, large numbers of blacks left the cotton fields of the South to come to Chicago, where they developed a famous jazz culture.

The state is named for the French adaptation of an Algonquian language (perhaps Miami) word apparently meaning "s/he speaks normally" (Miami ilenweewa, Proto-Algonquian *elen-, "ordinary" and -wē, "to speak"). Alternately, the name is often associated with the indigenous Illiniwek people, a consortium of Algonquian tribes that thrived in the area. The name Illiniwek is frequently (incorrectly) said to mean "tribe of superior men"; in reality, it only means "men".